White Oak

White oak (Quercus alba)

Average Dried Weight:AVERAGE DRIED WEIGHT
Density is the measurement of a wood’s weight per unit volume. Here, "dried weight" specifically refers to wood at 12% moisture content. Also keep in mind that density commonly varies by +/- 10% from the average.

Click on the link "Average Dried Weight" for more details.
47.0 lbs/ft3 (755 kg/m3) Medium WEIGHT TIERS
Extremely Low:     0+ kg/m3
Very Low:   420+ kg/m3
Low:   520+ kg/m3
Medium-Low:   620+ kg/m3
Medium:   730+ kg/m3
Medium-High:   840+ kg/m3
High:   960+ kg/m3
Very High: 1,080+ kg/m3
Extremely High: 1,200+ kg/m3
Tiers are based on CSIRO provisional strength groupings (SD1-SD8) based on density.

Janka Hardness:JANKA HARDNESS
This test measures a wood’s resistance to indentation, and is the pounds of force (or Newtons) required to embed a .444" (11.28 mm) diameter steel ball halfway into the wood. Values are for side grain, measured at 12% MC.

Click on the link "Janka Hardness" for more details.
1,350 lbf (5,990 N) Medium-Low JANKA HARDNESS TIERS
Extremely Low:      0+ N
Very Low:  2,050+ N
Low:  3,150+ N
Medium-Low:  4,480+ N
Medium:  6,280+ N
Medium-High:  8,380+ N
High: 11,080+ N
Very High: 14,000+ N
Extremely High: 17,450+ N
Tiers are derived from CSIRO provisional strength classifications (SD1-SD8) in conjunction with the USDA's estimated hardness based on density.

Modulus of Rupture:MODULUS OF RUPTURE
Sometimes called bending strength, this test measures a wood’s strength before breaking (i.e., rupturing). Values measured at 12% MC.

Click on the link "Modulus of Rupture" for more details.
14,830 lbf/in2 (102.3 MPa) Medium-High MOR TIERS
Extremely Low:   0+ MPa
Very Low:  45+ MPa
Low:  55+ MPa
Medium-Low:  65+ MPa
Medium:  78+ MPa
Medium-High:  94+ MPa
High: 110+ MPa
Very High: 130+ MPa
Extremely High: 150+ MPa
Tiers are based on CSIRO strength classifications (SD1-SD8).

Elastic Modulus:MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
This test measures the wood’s level of deformation when under a given load. Higher values indicate less deformation (i.e., stiffer). Values measured at 12% MC.

Click on the link "Elastic Modulus" for more details.
1,762,000 lbf/in2 (12.15 GPa) Medium-Low MOE TIERS
Extremely Low:    0+ GPa
Very Low:  7.9+ GPa
Low:  9.1+ GPa
Medium-Low: 10.5+ GPa
Medium: 12.5+ GPa
Medium-High: 14.0+ GPa
High: 16.0+ GPa
Very High: 18.5+ GPa
Extremely High: 21.5+ GPa
Tiers are based on CSIRO strength classifications (SD1-SD8).

Crushing Strength:CRUSHING STRENGTH
Also called compression strength, this test measures the maximum stress sustained before failure. Force is applied parallel to the grain (producing stress akin to chair legs). Values measured at 12% MC.

Click on the link "Crushing Strength" for more details.
7,370 lbf/in2 (50.8 MPa) Medium CRUSHING STRENGTH TIERS
Extremely Low:  0+ MPa
Very Low: 30+ MPa
Low: 36+ MPa
Medium-Low: 41+ MPa
Medium: 47+ MPa
Medium-High: 54+ MPa
High: 61+ MPa
Very High: 70+ MPa
Extremely High: 80+ MPa
Tiers are based on CSIRO strength classifications (SD1-SD8).

Shrinkage:SHRINKAGE
These values represent the percentage change in radial and tangential faces of the wood—as well as the total (volumetric) shrinkage—as the moisture content goes from green (maximum) down to oven-dry (minimum), approximating the wood's stability with changes in humidity. T/R ratio helps to estimate the uniformity of the shrinkage across different wood faces.

Click on the link "Shrinkage" for more details.
Radial: 5.6%, Tangential: 10.5% Very High SHRINKAGE TIERS
Very Low:   0%+   
Low: 3.6%+   
Medium: 5.1%+   
High: 6.6%+   
Very High: 8.1%+   
Tiers are based on tangential shrinkage (green to oven-dry) from CSIRO shrinkage classifications (1-5).

                          Volumetric: 16.3%, T/R Ratio: 1.9

Color/Appearance: Heartwood is a light to medium brown, commonly with an olive cast. Paler sapwood is not always sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Quartersawn sections display prominent ray fleck patterns (see images below). Red oak (Quercus rubra) tends to have a slightly redder cast (as opposed to olive), but color alone isn’t always a reliable method of determining the type of oak.

Grain/Texture: Grain is straight, with a coarse, uneven texture.

Rot Resistance: Rated as very durable; frequently used in boatbuilding and tight cooperage applications.

Workability: Produces good results with hand and machine tools. Has moderately high shrinkage values, resulting in mediocre dimensional stability, especially in flatsawn boards. Can react with iron (particularly when wet) and cause staining and discoloration. Responds well to steam-bending. Glues, stains, and finishes well.

Odor: Has a distinct smell while being worked that is common to most oaks. Most find it appealing.

Allergies/Toxicity: Although severe reactions are quite uncommon, oak has been reported as a sensitizer. Usually most common reactions simply include eye and skin irritation, as well as asthma-like symptoms. See the articles Wood Allergies and Toxicity and Wood Dust Safety for more information.

Pricing/Availability: Abundant availability in a good range of widths and thicknesses, both as flatsawn and quartersawn lumber. Usually slightly more expensive than red oak, prices are moderate for a domestic hardwood, though thicker planks or quartersawn boards are more expensive.

Sustainability: This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices, and is reported by the IUCN as being a species of least concern.

Common Uses: Cabinetry, furniture, interior trim, flooring, boatbuilding, barrels, and veneer.

Comments: Strong, beautiful, rot-resistant, easy to work, and economical: white oak represents an exceptional value to woodworkers. It’s no wonder that the wood is so widely used in cabinet and furniture making.

In addition to the wood, white oak is also the state tree for three states (Connecticut, Illinois, and Maryland). Indeed, Connecticut’s state quarter (1999) was minted with a picture and inscription of a famous white oak, the Charter Oak. In 1687, a cavity within the tree was used as a hiding place for the Connecticut Charter of 1662 to prevent its confiscation by the British.[1]Corrigan, D. (2020, October 31). Hiding the Charter: Images of Joseph Wadsworth’s Legendary Action. Connecticut … Continue reading

Images: Drag the slider up/down to toggle between raw and finished wood.

A special thanks to Steve Earis for providing the turned photo of this wood species.

Flat to rift sawn white oak

Quartersawn white oak

Flat sawn, old growth white oak (with rather long rays)

White oak crotch figure

White oak turned bowl (by Steve Earis)
Quartersawn white oak box
Bookmatched curly white oak (psaltery)

Do you have images of projects made from this wood species? You can submit them to me here.

Identification: See the article on Hardwood Anatomy for definitions of endgrain features.

White oak (endgrain 10x)
White oak (end grain 1x)
Old-growth white oak (end grain 10x)
Old-growth white oak (end grain 1x)

PorosityPOROSITY
Specifies the overall pore structure (ring-porous, semi-ring-porous, or diffuse porous), and notes if annual growth rings may still be seen even for diffuse porous hardwoods.

Click on the link “Porosity” for more details.
: ring porous

ArrangementARRANGEMENT
Describes the more individual pore arrangements found throughout the end grain surface, such as solitary, multiples, chains, clusters, etc.

Click on the link “Arrangement” for more details.
: exclusively solitary earlywood pores in two to four rows, latewood pores in radial/dendritic arrangement

VesselsVESSELS
Describes the relative size and frequency of the pores (vessels), as well as any contents found in the pores, such as tyloses, colored mineral deposits, etc.

Click on the link “Vessels” for more details.
: very large in earlywood, small in latewood; tyloses abundant

ParenchymaPARENCHYMA
Describes the pattern(s) of the parenchyma cells seen on the endgrain, such as vasicentric, aliform (winged or lozenge), confluent, and banded.

Click on the link “Parenchyma” for more details.
: diffuse-in-aggregates

RaysRAYS
Describes the relative width and frequency of the rays (appearing as thin vertical lines on the endgrain), as well as a note on if these rays are visible with/without magnification.

Click on the link “Rays” for more details.
: rays of two distinct sizes: narrow and very wide, normal spacing; wider rays are conspicuous on end grain even without magnification.

Lookalikes/Substitutes: Besides being confused with red oak (see notes below), oak species in general are sometimes confused with other ring-porous hardwoods like chestnut (Castanea genus) and ash (Fraxinus genus). But oak species have very wide rays which make them easy to separate from most other ring-porous woods, which generally only have narrower rays.

Notes: White oak heartwood tends to have tyloses (small, bubble-like structures) that can be seen in the large earlywood pores, while species of red oak lack tyloses. Additionally, ray height, when viewed on the face grain, tends to be taller/longer  on white oak (sometimes exceeding one inch in length). See the article on distinguishing red and white oak for more details. 

Related Content:

References

References
1 Corrigan, D. (2020, October 31). Hiding the Charter: Images of Joseph Wadsworth’s Legendary Action. Connecticut History. https://connecticuthistory.org/hiding-the-charter-images-of-joseph-wadsworths-legendary-action/
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Fredy

hello. I am from Central America, precisely in Guatemala we have very large and hard oaks in the cloud forest mountains, I attach these two images of white and red oak. I would like to send you a sample so I can analyze these two species.

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gattu marrudu

I am treating white oak with tung oil (Old Masters, which is thick and seems to be without additives). Most instructions advise to use 3-5 coats, but with white oak, the first coat looks still wet on the surface after a couple of hours. I also tried mixing with turpentine which seems to absorb a little more, and I spread it out with a dry brush after half hour where it dried more, but it seems like 2 coats is the most it can take, and there is quite a bit left to wipe off after the 2nd one. Anybody… Read more »

gattu marrudu

I bought white oak from two different sawmills, one in Philadelphia (probably sourced locally) and one 50 miles far in rural Pennsylvania. The former was air dried and stickered for at least 4 years, the latter kiln dried – so I was told. The two look quite different. They both look like oak to me, but the hue and smell are quite distinct. The one lighter in color is the kiln-dried one. Obviously one is quarter sawn and the other flat sawn, and I can’t see the characteristic white oak flecks in the flat sawn one. Also, the lighter one… Read more »

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gattu marrudu

Thanks. After planing a few pieces I realized that the lighter one mus be sapwood, because the other pieces are darker and closer to the other batch.

John Vigilante

Can anyone say what the cream-colored marbling effect is called in the edge of this oak board? It’s about 3/8” deep into the wood. Oxidation? Fungus?

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John M. Vigilante

Thank you.

Deborah C Williamson

I’m trying to identify this wood. I’ve come into 7 ten foot boards that are 2” thick of this reclaimed wood. It is super dense and hard and wicks water easily, which sounds more like red oak with the porosity. That said, I think it looks more like white oak. Any suggestions? Here is edge grain, face grain, end grain, and an overall shot.

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Frank

I am not sure what species that is, but from the side view of the board it does not look like white oak, which generally has noticeable ray flecks. It kind of looks like ash to me.

paul hartridge

it looks a bit like english Oak to me

Phil Smith

I am thinking about buying some unfinished oak planks from a local wholesaler. He gets them from pipe line companies that use them to haul pipe on railcars then give them to him after one use.

I suspect it is Live Oak since that is the most abundant oak in this area. I build furniture and cabinets in my home shop. I have a jointer to finish the edges.

Of course I will select the boards that are straight but Is there anything else I should consider or be cautious about?

Rafael

Hi, is this queréis alba the best wood for barrels for aging rum or bourbon??
It’s there a place where I can bay already cut this wood for barrels.
Thanks.

Ja

It’s the ONLY wood for bourbon, by definition.

Idrinka Dabourbon

I must respectfully correct this. White Oak is the most commonly used for bourbon barrels, but the rules state bourbon must be aged in new, charred oak barrels. The type of oak is irrelevant. Also, be careful making your own spirits; if you don’t know what you’re doing, you can end up blind or dead.

Cheers. ?

Mike Mike

But… who would use anything but white oak? Red oak, e.g., barrels would soak through in months.

Scooter

Hi there, we recently bought a 1920 farmhouse in MD. The house itself needs to be completely renovated and updated. This is going to require multiple structural changes. There have been various pieces of the structural elements that have been confirmed to be white oak. Can someone tell me how strong a 5.5”x 5.5” beam would be? What find if load can white oak carry?

Michael

Lumber span tables are commonly available on the internet with a simple Google search. The span tables will give you all of the essential load data you need.

Dillon Fitzgerald

You will need a knowledgeable structural engineer to tell you the strength of your beam. The member can be grade in-situ to provide a better representation of strength. It also depends how the beam is installed and its connections.

I can help you with that or you can find another professional to help you out.

Sam edens

I’m refinishing a rocking chair( white oak) frame.is there another wood that will match up with a clear coat . need to replace some slats on seat.

Amy Phelps

Hello. I’ve recently acquired this beautiful side board (dated approximately 1910-1915). I’m going to bring it back to life and I’m wondering what type of wood it is. Oak, Cherry? Also, what stain would you recommend for restaining the top and mirror area.
Thank you.

Amanda Berger

I am trying to find out what kind of wood my headboard is.. Any help would be appreciated.

Jason

From what I can tell from this picture it looks like walnut

Donna Smolinski

I am thinking of using White Oak in lieu of Cypress for rebuilding my exterior porch railing. I know that White Oak can be stained, but can it be painted to a nice smooth finish?

Silas Jura

Cypress has excellent rot resistance and will hold up much better in exterior conditions but to answer your question: Oak in general is not a very friendly wood to paint if you are looking for a smooth surface. The grains are very open and porous so you will still see the graining even after being painted. Hard Maple is a much better wood if you are looking for a smooth finish paint job and it is just as strong as White Oak. Make sure it is Hard Maple as there are soft maple woods as well. The other option if… Read more »

ORO Woodworks

White oak is not difficult to paint to a smooth finish, so long as it is well sanded. It doesn’t absorb the paint nearly as much as red oak, as its grain is MUCH tighter. But, that said, I would suggest not painting high quality expensive hardwoods in general — you’re covering up half of what you are paying for. Softwoods actually tend to expand less than hardwoods due to moisture exchange, which is one of the reasons they are used often in exterior builds. Plus, they tend to be less expensive, and paint easily. You’ll likely pay $5.50+ per… Read more »

Rickey Bryan

How stable would true American white oak be in instruments, such as guitar body’s? It seem to have a high shrinkage rate, but if it is quarter swan would or will that apply assuming that it has been properly dried?

jody frenzel

Fantastic writing ! Apropos , if your business requires a IRS 4868 , my business partner filled out a sample version here https://goo.gl/jyjFyS.

Mario Cargol

I always found the same but i think is just because the grain sometimes has ondulations. If you peel the bark of a holm oak(quercus ilex) you will see it more clearly. Those parts seem to have bad grain but they never gave problems to me when doing steam bending of kayak ribs ;)

D

So…. Isn’t “Quercus Alba” actually the Japanese white oak?
This articles says its from the US. Is all white oak lumped into a
generalized category?