Distinguishing Red and White Oak

by Eric Meier

Within the massive Quercus genus, oak species are subdivided into a number of sections, though all commercially harvested New World oaks can be placed into one of two categories: red oak, or white oak. This division is based on the morphology of the trees themselves—for instance, red oaks have pointed lobes on the leaves, while white oaks have rounded lobes.

Red oak leaf: pointed lobes
White oak leaf: rounded lobes
Quartersawn white oak: ray fleck pattern

But in addition to the leaves and outward appearance of the trees, the wood of the various oaks also have a few important distinctions. Most notably, white oak is rot resistant, while red oak is not—an important detail for boatbuilding and exterior construction projects. White oak also has a unique ray fleck pattern when perfectly quartersawn that’s seen more often in antiques—a figure that’s sometimes called “tiger oak” in antique furniture circles.

It should be noted that red oak also has conspicuous ray fleck patterns on its quartersawn surfaces, but it’s generally just not quite of the same caliber and size as white oak. (See this quartersawn picture of red oak for reference.)

Oak lumber: Superficial color differences

While there is one specific wood species (Quercus alba) that’s commonly considered the “white oak,” and there is one specific species (Quercus rubra) that’s considered the “red oak,” when you buy oak lumber within North America, oftentimes you will not actually be buying these two exact species, but instead you may be buying one of the oaks contained within the two broad red and white groupings. Basically, you’re buying characteristics found in an oak group, and not necessarily an exact species. For the rest of this article, I’ll be referring to red oaks and white oaks (plural) as two different groups of trees, and not simply as individual species.

At a casual glance, unfinished oak lumber will generally be light brown, either with a slight reddish cast (usually red oak), or a subtle olive-colored cast (white oak). However, there are abnormally light or dark outliers and pieces that are ambiguously colored, making separation based on color alone unreliable­—this is especially true if the wood is finished and/or stained.

Nonetheless, it can be helpful to get a baseline view of the typical color that’s seen in red and white oaks. Listed below are small thumbnails of various oak species in their raw unfinished form, arranged in either the red or white oak grouping. Comparing the two groups is simultaneously helpful and also confusing. You’ll notice that there’s a general categorization of color that most samples fall into (helpful), but you’ll see that there’s also no hard and fast rule to easily tell the two groups apart by color (that’s the confusing part).

Looking at the examples above, you may notice a loose pattern where red oak species tend to have a slightly paler and redder hue on average, while white oak species have a slightly more olive hue. There are of course outliers and individual variation from tree to tree, so the above grain samples should by no means be meant as an accurate representation of any of the species as a whole.

But realistically, even if you can discern a pattern in the red/olive dichotomy of oak coloration, you can hopefully also see how much overlap and unpredictability there are between pieces.

Tips for actually telling red and white oak apart

In most cases, we won’t have access to the tree or its leaves, so all we have to go on is the wood itself. Here are some ways of telling types of oak apart that tend to be a little more reliable than using color alone. 

1. Look at the endgrain

A quick and fairly reliable way to tell the two oaks apart is simply by looking at the endgrain. In order for this to work, the ends of the board can’t be painted, sealed, or rough-sawn. A freshly cut oak board should be easy to distinguish:

Red Oak (endgrain)
Red oak (endgrain 1x)
White Oak (endgrain)
White oak (endgrain 1x)
Red Oak (endgrain 10x)
Red oak (endgrain 10x)
White Oak (endgrain 10x)
White oak (endgrain 10x)

The pores found in the growth rings on red oak are very open and porous, and should be easily identifiable. White oak, however, has its pores plugged with tyloses, which help make white oak suitable for water-tight vessels, and give it increased resistance to rot and decay. The presence of tyloses is perhaps the best and most reliable way to distinguish the two oaks, but it comes with a few caveats:

1.) Make sure that you’ve cleaned up the endgrain enough to see the pores clearly, and blown out any dust from the pores. You don’t want a “false-positive” and mistake sawdust clogged in the pores for tyloses.

2.) Make sure that you’ve viewing a heartwood section of the board in question. While white oak has abundant tyloses in the heartwood, it is frequently lacking in the sapwood section.

Notice the absence of tyloses in the sapwood (top)

One related test regarding porosity is to take a short section of oak and try to blow air through the pores. If you are able to blow anything through it at all, it’s probably red oak. Take a look at this video, where a red oak dowel was used to blow bubbles in water:

One exception to this rule is chestnut oak, which is still considered to be in the white oak group, even though its pores are open like red oaks.

2. Look at the rays

When looking at the face of the board, especially in the flat-sawn areas, you may notice little dark brown streaks running with the grain, sometimes referred to as rays.

White oak (left), red oak (right)

Look closely at the picture above, (click on it to enlarge it if you have to), and note the length of the rays in both types of wood. Red oak will almost always have very short rays, usually between 1/8″ to 1/2″ long, rarely ever more than 3/4″ to 1″ in length. (Pictured above on the right.)

White oak, on the other hand, will have much longer rays, frequently exceeding 3/4″ on most boards. (Pictured above on the left.)

This method is probably the most reliable under normal circumstances, and is useful in situations where the wood is in a finished product where the endgrain is not exposed.

3. Use sodium nitrite

This technique is sometimes used at sawmills if various logs need to be sorted out quickly. Instead of taking the time to analyze each log closely by hand, a 10% solution of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is sprayed or brushed onto the wood and observed. If it’s red oak, there will only be a small color change, making the wood only slightly darker. But if it’s white oak, there will be a noticeable color change in as little as five minutes, (though it can take longer if the wood is dry, or if the temperature is low). The heartwood of white oak will eventually change to a dark indigo to almost black.

White oak (left), red oak (right); courtesy of USDA

This method is extremely accurate and reliable, though in most instances, it’s probably overkill. However, if you’re ever in a situation where you can’t separate between red and white oak based on anatomy, this method is nearly foolproof. (Though, only the heartwood will bring about the color change, not the sapwood.)

First, you have to obtain some sodium nitrite (NaNO2). You may be able to find some locally through chemical supply stores, but they typically only sell in bulk quantities, making such a small project prohibitively expensive. However, some online retailers have the chemical for sale in much smaller quantities, bringing it into reach of most that are curious about oak identification.

Next, you need to mix up a roughly 10% solution of sodium nitrite by weight. This ratio actually isn’t as critical as it seems: solutions as small as 1% and as high as 20% have all been used with success, but to err on the side of caution, we’ll use the most appropriate quantity recommended.

Recipe for 10% Sodium Nitrite Solution for Testing Oaks:

  • 1 cup water
  • 4 teaspoons sodium nitrite

Directions: Stir in sodium nitrite until clear. Clearly label solution to avoid confusion; sodium nitrite is very dangerous if ingested.

All that’s left is to simply brush this solution onto a raw wood surface and wait for a reaction. With dried wood stored at room temperature, this reaction should take about 10 minutes. Red oak will be only slightly discolored by the solution, sometimes developing a slightly greenish hue, while white oak will gradually turn a dark reddish brown, eventually turning a deep indigo to nearly black.

See the progression photos below for a better look. (Also note that around the 8 and 15 minute marks the water begins to evaporate from the surface of the wood, but the color is still present after the wood has dried, as indicative of the 25 minute photos.)

TIME
ELAPSED

RED OAK

WHITE OAK

rawRed Oak (raw)White Oak (raw)
1 minuteRed Oak (1 minute)White Oak (1 minute)
5 minutesRed Oak (5 minutes)White Oak (5 minutes)
8 minutesRed Oak (8 minutes)White Oak (8 minutes)
15 minutesRed Oak (15 minutes)White Oak (15 minutes)
25 minutesRed Oak (25 minutes)White Oak (25 minutes)

Why you’d want to tell red oak from white oak

As to the reasons why you’d want to be able to distinguish between the two, most of the answers have been explained above, but I’ll recap:

  • White oak is much more resistant to rot, and is suitable for water-holding applications, boatbuilding, outdoor furniture, etc.
  • Red oak should only be used for interior pieces such as cabinets, indoor furniture, flooring, etc.
  • White oak tends to be more dense, while red oak is a bit lighter and has a more porous and open grain.
  • White oak is usually slightly more expensive than red oak.
  • White oak has larger and more pronounced ray flecks when perfectly quartersawn and historically has been used more often in antiques than red oak.

Get the hard copy

wood-book-standupIf you’re interested in getting all that makes The Wood Database unique distilled into a single, real-world resource, there’s the book that’s based on the website—the Amazon.com best-seller, WOOD! Identifying and Using Hundreds of Woods Worldwide. It contains many of the most popular articles found on this website, as well as hundreds of wood profiles—laid out with the same clarity and convenience of the website—packaged in a shop-friendly hardcover book.

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Annemarie

Trying to identify this wood species. House built in 1902 (GA). This wood is 1″ thick and slats are on walls and ceilings of a bathrm we demolished for renovation.

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Annemarie

Thank you.

Josh

Specifically southern yellow pine, most likely. By far the most common construction lumber in the southeast US.

John McCarthy

Hi Eric,
Thank you for such an informative website and your willingness to help. I just fixed a patch of white oak hardword (I think it’s white oak) but I’m having a difficult time matching the colour. I could use your expertise. Do you think my finished floor was stained or is it just a clear coat of Polyurethane? How do I match it?

Thank you very much,
John

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John McCarthy

Hi Eric,
Thanks for your reply and your suggestion!

Simon Rowson

Dear Eric,
I found this incredibly informative website after trying to determine whether my two Bokuto wooden training swords are white Japanese oak or red Japanese oak – the two to most common woods used for such training weapons here in Japan.
I believe the one on the right to definitely be white oak but the one on the left has become darker after 35 years of use so I’m not sure anymore. So, any help would be most gratefully received!
Best regards,
Simon

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Catie McKee

Can someone tell me if these two cabinets are red oak or white oak (or something else)?

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Kelly

I could be wrong but looks like red oak!

Lynn

Hi Eric, hoping you can help identify our 80 year old existing oak floors. They only had a varnish or sealer applied originally so had this orange tone to them. Sanded they have pink and yellow undertones to them. Contractor added new white oak (select plain) in kitchen to replace old linoleum floors. He said existing was white. After sanding he now says the existing is red and white, but my husband and I are still not sure if that’s right. The existing also appears to be quarter and rift sawn. Photos of living room included and section where old… Read more »

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Tuyet

Helo Eric Meier!
Plz help me, how can I distinguish acacia hybrid and eucalyptus or rubber via ENDGRAIN?
And do we have any way to distinguish by chemistry?

K. B

After receiving samples (that I loved and tested stains on successfully), we purchased a house full of engineered white oak. I knew what we were doing with stain,etc..What we received leaned so red, that I was certain it had to be a mistake on the company’s end. (For instance, light waxes pulled pink so hard it looked like pepto.) The sample of the three wet boards in the picture, the middle one is definitely red oak we had for a different project. The others are supposedly white. We purchased a test kit, and the result is this lot is white… Read more »

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K. B

Thank you. I have had success with bleaching Knotty Alder and with bleaching antique fir (and possibly birch) antique doors that had been once finished with orange shellac. See pictures. And yes, bleaching is finicky and can pool tannins. But with both projects, I could use vinegar to neutralize and lots of water to ease off the suds. However, this floor is engineered, so that option scares me since the bleach can raise the grain more drastically and also damage it. I wouldn’t have much room to fix problems. Sigh. I do want variation. I did not choose select for… Read more »

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Michael

Eric. Very helpful post. I am working on a restoration project and wondering if this wood can be identified from a photo or two? Much appreciate your expertise (as well as the opinions of others).

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Ingrid

Thank you for your information on red and white oak. I am still not sure if the oak sample I have is red or white. One side is unfinished and the other has varnish and looks orange. I’d appreciate it if you could let me know. Thank you

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Rose

This is a really helpful website. Would you be able to tell me if these two samples are red or white oak? Thank you!

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Marko

Hi! I just discovered this webpage and I love it :) Would you mind taking a look at these two pictures and telling me what your professional opinion is on the type of wood that I’m looking at? Thank you kindly!

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Thomas

Bit difficult to judge from the facegrain appearance alone, but I would guess stained white oak.

Julie

Hi, I’m trying to determine if my flooring is white oak or red oak. I need to get flooring to put into the kitchen and refinish the existing floors and new floors to try to match. Please help. Thanks

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Chris

Hi Eric, thanks for looking at all these pictures of wood floors! Its really hard to tell! I think this floor might be white oak many of the boards have longer rays, but some still seem to have short rays haha. Best.

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Lawrence

I just wanted to know what type of Hardwood Floors I have.

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Dylan

This was supposed to be white oak rift sawn. Some seems like white oak, some seems like red. The trim on these doors have no yellow tone, but the panels have a pink hue after applying Rubio 5% white.
Thoughts?

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Terri

Hi, I am wondering if the floors in the home we recently purchased are red oak or white oak. I am attaching a photo or two from different rooms for you to see if you can tell. Thank you!

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patboy

I got this 34×72 oak table from the 60s, can anyone tell me if these boards are rift sawn? Still cant figure if its red or white oak, but which oak were common as indoor table back in those days?

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Last edited 1 year ago by patboy
Greyghost

Yes that is rift sawn 30-60 ° orientation of the end grain to the face of the board.

Quartersawn is 90° with the face.

Greg

Hi Eric,
If you wouldn’t mind, I’d love your opinion. White or red oak? I need to patch some flooring in my 1960s house.

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Nicolette

Hi, our study has built in bookshelves and this is one of the shelves. Can anyone tell me what would this is. I assume it needs to be oak. Our kitchen cabinets were made out of white oak. We want to refinish this and knowing the wood will help us choose finish. Can anyone help please.

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Steven

Hi there. I live in the Seattle area, I think my floors are red oak but wanted to make sure as I will be adding flooring in rooms that are currently carpet and will have some repairs as I remodel sections of the old 70’s house I have. I can provide more images if needed. I feel like my phone took away some of the warmth in the color of the flooring in the images, just FYI. Thanks for any help.

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George Mantanis

It is Red oak.

Christa

Hello from Washington DC! The previous owners of my home must have taken out tiles in the kitchen because they installed hardwood floors that do not match the adjacent room. I can’t tell if it’s just the stain that’s different, or if they are different types of wood. I want to refinish the floors to make them all uniform. Do you think they are just stained different colors, or are they different types of wood (ie. red vs. white oak)? I think if they are different types of wood I will use a darker stain. Thanks so much for your… Read more »

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Christa Sawko

Thank you! Do you think it will look better when we stain the whole floor one color?

Adam Milton

I learned recently that this is actually pretty common, is your kitchen maple per chance? I think the logic is that maple goes in kitchens because it’s slightly cheaper and will maybe see more wear and tear.

lisa gagnon

I need some help identifying this wood flooring so that I can try to match. House is in northern ontario canada, built in the 40’s or 50’s. There are sections that seem to be rift sawn. When looking at the entire floor, there is a lot of variation and I can’t figure out what I’m dealing with.

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Erin

Eric, I would LOVE to know what you think this is (red/white). I’m leaning towards white due to the length of some of the rays, but some of the planks seem a little pinkish to me on the underside.

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Charlie

Image attached related to the previous post of existing flooring

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Charlie

Thanks appreciate the feedback. The floor is oiled and hasn’t been stained by us. When you say rays what do you mean! Below is a closer picture of the wood. Thanks in advance.

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Brian

ash

George Mantanis

It is NOT oak wood, for sure! In my opinion, possible species: ash or chestnut.

Charlie

Hi trying to work out what kind of flooring we have so we can match it. Its been down about 16 years….think it might be American oak but not 100%sure…anyone able to identify?

Willie

The Left side of your web page is cut off either by miss-aligned or being two wide. The first word in every paragraph is half covered. The same on all my devices.

Kimberly Slade

Hi there! I was hoping that someone could tell me what these cabinets are… we were hoping for white oak rift cabinets, but maybe we got quarter sawn instead. Some even have a pinkish hue to them like red oak does. Are they even white oak cabinets? Thanks for your help!

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Kimberly Slade

Eric, do you happen to have any thoughts by chance? If so, I would really appreciate it! Thank you!

William Palmer

These cabinets pictured are rift and quartered white oak. White oak can have some peachy color (not red or pink). I see that on the right side door. I have been a hardwood flooring professional for over 30 years. R&Q white oak is the best!

Glenn Vernon

absolutely rift white oak

Julie

Hello from Pennsylvania! I was hoping someone could help me figure out if this is red or white oak. It’s from the top of an old library table from turn of the century and has the “tiger oak” appearance. I am in the process of refinishing and would like to know so I can choose the right finish. The linseed finish is still in the wood on the right. Any help would be much appreciated!

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Julie

Eric, Thank you for your prompt response. That would make sense as it is from that era when quarter sawn white oak primarily was used. I really appreciate your help!

Geoff Harris

Hi, I’m based in London UK and this is the most quirky yet incredibly useful site! I hope someone can help identify a wood sample which we’re trying to match. It’s from the parquet floor of our flat which was flooded and we’re trying to find the closest match. Everyone is saying it’s Oak and the flooring shop gave us a sample of what they would supply, also Oak. They’re so different. Their sample has a lot more pronounced grain and is more contrasty. The finish is plain lacquer on each. The original is on the left, the suggested new… Read more »

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Geoff Harris

Hi Eric,
Thanks so much for your response.

As far as we know the floor was laid about 20 years ago but the blocks may have been reclaimed. The most popular woods in the UK in the 1930’s were, Oak, walnut, cherry, lime, pine and maple. Do you think it could be any of those? The other thing of course is, even if we identify it, will it be available or will it be a preserved species?

Thanks for your help.

Geoff

Aimee

I just purchased this table and the guy said to me he was certain that it was white oak. But after having it in my house for a couple of days it seems like the stain choice (Minmax – Simply white) is a bit pinkish. Can you tell if this is white or red oak? Thanks!

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Markd

That is red oak. A nice glue up of narrower boards

Aimee

Thank you! Is there anything I can do to cut the red out of the wood if I stain it again?

James

Look into Pink Blocker by Ciranova. Or, research green dye to block red.

Kelly

I’ve been told that one of the ways you can tell a red oak from a white oak is that red will accept water and white water will “bead” and not soak in. True or false?

Kelly

Thanks bunches

Markd

White oak smells like whiskey, that is why whiskey smells like white oak from the barrels.

Den

Hi I salvage this from an old mansion just wondering if you could tell me if this is an oak or a chestnut? Looks to be white oak to me?

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Den

Thank you I appreciate it

Michele

Hi- I’m trying to figure out what went wrong here. The cabinets in question are the ones flanking the two smaller windows. My question involves why did the cabinet fronts take the stain differently than the cabinet themselves. The photo to the right shows the cabinet fronts before staining. The photo to the left shows it after staining and clearly there is an issue. I’m told that the same stain was used on all the wood – Minwax Classic Gray. I’m also told that all the wood used is white oak. One of these cannot be true. I’m starting to… Read more »

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Dave

First, this column has been invaluable! I purchased a special bundle of white oak from a Florida distributor. I am going to finish the floor with wax oil. As there would be left over stock, I decided to also put new flooring in the master bedroom. So, I purchased bundles from a well known discount distributor and some from a national big box store. The bundles from the big box were pre-finished and as I sanded that finish off it appeared like white and red oak were mixed together. I also had the issue of bundles coming apart in the… Read more »

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Alicia

paid for upgrade to white oak but we can’t tell if they installed white or red oak. Can you tell? Thanks!

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Alicia

Thank you!

Mark

Hi Eric,
I just had my wood floors refinished. The contractor told me that it was red oak. They had to add new boards where I had a hearth removed. When they put the clear finish on the floor the new boards turned a darker color. Do you have any idea is my existing floor is actually red oak? We need to have it removed and are at a loss for what to do. Thank you! Mark

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Tracy

Hi, I’m trying to refinish a kitchen cabinet, as there was so much residue on it that the finish was damaged. I am guessing this is red oak (darker part is where I sanded off some finish to see the real color).

I am also guessing this is a white wash stain that yellowed at bit.
Thanks!
Tracy

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Tracy

Thanks! It throws a lot of red/pink when I white wash it. Any thoughts?

Tracy

Hi, When I put a white wash stain on the the wood, the tone comes out very slightly pink. I guess I should add a bit of green but not sure how much. Thanks!

Gerrie

Can I use red oak for a front door?

collin

Why you would want to tell white vs red is the T/R ratio. Particularly in green woodturning. White is way more stable as it dries than red. If I’m working red oak I am restricted to spindle orientation. If it’s white oak I can get away with facegrain turning. A traditional facegrain bowl made from fresh red oak will fold like a taco as it dries. White oak hardly moves at all.

lolly

Hi can you help me I just can’t decide is this white or Red? both blocks re-claimed same floor the light block is plain unsanded the other is sanded and clear oiled.Thanks in advance Lolly

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lolly

Thank you hubby said beech so I guess you are both right :) thank you so much for your help much appreciated

lolly

hi I just took this picture of the end-grain it may help someone else too

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karen

Request advice! I have an oak butcherblock table from the early 90s, I just sanded down to bare wood and want to stain to preserve beautiful natural color; clearcoat poly turns the wood very yellow. I’m not sure if it’s white or red oak, and would love help identifying from the pictures below, as well as advice about the stain. Some of the pieces have short rays, others are much longer. Thanks in advance!

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karen

Thank you Eric! also still wonder if it’s red or white oak…

Jean-Philippe Métras

White oak

Robin Lovelady

Could you tell me if this looks like white or red oak?

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Sherrie VandePutte

red oak, short ray flecks the end grain pores are open.